The Reading
The Summary
Shemuel Alef Chapter 23
David is informed that the community of Qeilah is being attacked and plundered by the Philistines. David asks Hashem whether he should intervene; Hashem commands him to do so. When he discusses the matter with his men, they resist, citing the fact that their safety is already threatened, and that engaging with the Pelishtim will be even more dangerous for them. David consults with Hashem once again and the command to come to the defense of Qeilah is reiterated. He leads his men in battle against the Pelishtim and saves Qeilah from their siege.
Shaul becomes aware of the fact that David is in Qeilah and prepares to attack the city in order to capture David. When David hears of the impending conflict, he again consults with Hashem and is informed that Shaul will come to Qeilah and that the citizens of Qeilah, notwithstanding the fact that David and his men had saved them from the Pelishtim, would hand David over to Shaul in order to prevent a massacre of their people.
David and his men take refuge in the wooded area of the wilderness of Zif, and despite his continual efforts to locate him, Shaul is never able to find his sworn enemy. Yonatan, however, comes to visit David and pledges allegiance to him, declaring that David will succeed King Shaul and that he himself will serve as David’s second-in-command. Although this pronouncement is heartfelt and sincere, Yonatan will never in fact see David again for the rest of his life.
The inhabitants of Zif send messengers to King Shaul and inform him of David’s whereabouts. Shaul expresses his gratitude to them for their support, requests more detailed intelligence regarding David’s hideouts and movements, and mobilizes his forces to apprehend David. In the meantime, David and his men have encamped in the wilderness of Maon. When Shaul and his troops arrive, they find themselves on one side of an enormous mountain while David and his camp are on the other.
The army of Shaul manages to pursue and surround David and his men; at that very moment, however, an emissary arrives to inform Shaul that the Pelishtim have begun raiding Israelite cities and must be stopped immediately. The chase of David is temporarily halted as Shaul refocuses on protecting his subjects from enemy assaults.
There are two points I would like to highlight here. One is David’s repeated consultation with Hashem. The emphasis on this constant pursuit of guidance from the Almighty distinguishes David quite starkly from Shaul, who we have not seen requesting instruction from Hashem since he almost did so back in chapter fourteen (but, even there, he interrupted the process and never did!)
Not only is David serious about ensuring that his decisions conform to the will of Hashem, he insists on this course of action even when it conflicts with the opinions, attitudes, fears and desires of his entourage who have their own concerns. This once again differentiates David from Shaul who, as we have seen, is always capitulating to the will of his supporters, even when Hashem makes His expectations clear and explicit.
David’s behavior is reminiscent of the passage in the Torah wherein Hashem selects Yehoshua to succeed Moshe Rabbenu. Hashem tells Moshe that, throughout his career, Yehoshua will stand before the Kohen Gadol and request guidance from the Urim VeTummim, based upon which he will lead them in battle and govern them. David, then, is a leader who is cast in the same mold as Yehoshua, the illustrious disciple of Moshe Rabbenu.
This chapter also provides us some insight into Shaul, deepening our sense of his weakness of character and frailty of emotion. Shaul neglects the people of Qeilah when they are besieged by the Philistines, suggesting that he is either not concerned with their welfare, not motivated to help, or too preoccupied with his pursuit of David to intervene. By contrast, when he hears that David is in Qeilah, he immediately mobilizes his troops for the mission. This indicates that he is failing as a leader of the nation because of a personal vendetta that has hijacked his life.
Moreover, when Shaul thanks the people of Qeilah, rather than cite national security or the stability of the country as the reason why assisting in the capture of David is so praiseworthy, he says “blessed are you to Hashem because you had pity on me.” While David risks his life to come to the aid of fellow Jews who almost instantly betray him, the focus of Shaul is set squarely on himself.